Introduction
During 1999, 87 journalists and media staff were killed or murdered in the course of their work, making it one of the worst years on record. Most died because they were caught up in conflicts in the Balkans, in Sierra Leone, and in Colombia, but unexplained assassinations and murders of reporters and editors account for many of the deaths.
The 1999 total is second only to the horrifying toll of 1994 when wars in Bosnia and genocide in Rwanda were primarily responsible for a sudden surge in killings of journalists. Nevertheless, we end the century on a note of dismay. Despite much talk of ethical principles and human rights, the struggle for press freedom still remains a lofty ambition in many parts of the world.
Once again we highlight the failure of Governments and investigating authorities to give priority to finding and prosecuting those responsible for the assassination of journalists. This remains a major concern. Most killings remain unsolved mysteries. Governments must give proper priority to the investigation of these deaths. When the authorities show reluctance to bring the murderers to justice they give comfort to the enemies of democracy.
The list includes the names of many media support staff who have died alongside journalists. Journalism would be impossible without the help of other mediaworkers, who, like reporters, are exposed to life-threatening risks while working in the field.
The 1999 list reveals a total of 87 deaths, of which 69 have been confirmed and 18 are still under investigation where there may be doubts as to whether a journalist was killed for his work. These deaths are the tip of an iceberg of physical assaults, jailings and disappearances that affect journalists every year. For every death recorded there are numerous instances of intimidation and violence that are not listed.
Some 25 journalists and media workers died in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia alone, of which 16 were victims of the NATO bombing of the Radio Television Serbia building in Belgrade in April.
Actions against independent media by the Government of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia have contributed to an atmosphere of fear and uncertainty in the region. Particularly horrifying was the brutal assassination of Dnevni Telegraf Editor Slavko Curuvija after ferocious criticism of his journalism by the authorities.
The systematic oppression of independent media by the Belgrade regime of Slobodan Milosevic was not diminished by the misguided and reckless decision of NATO to target media during the 1999 bombing campaign. Indeed, this action did not solve the problem of propaganda nor did it prevent the imposition of new legal and political pressures on journalists.
But journalists and media have been targeted everywhere. In India, media came under fire in the violent exchanges on the disputed border with Kashmir, and in Chechnya, Russian forces bombed and struck at Chechen media facilities in Grozny. A total of 9 journalists and media staff died in Russia and Chechnya. While some were caught up in the conflict, many of the victims in Russia died at the hands of unknown assassins.
In Africa, the civil war in Sierra Leone claimed some 10 victims among the local community of journalists, and an undeclared civil war in Colombia has led to the death of 6 journalists. At the same time, two journalists were brutally killed in East Timor at the hands of Indonesian forces.
The crisis in Colombia has rekindled fears that Latin American journalists remain vulnerable to pressure from criminal gangs and political terrorists. There is a fear that we are slipping back into the dark days of the early 1990s when the killing of journalists became almost a routine business for crooks and terror gangs.
Country by Country Analysis 1999
JK = Journalists Killed
MWK = Mediaworkers Killed
UI/M = Under Investigation
| Country / Region | Journalists Killed (JK) | Mediaworkers Killed (MWK) | Under Investigation (UI/M) |
| Chechnya / Russia | 9 | 0 | 4 |
| Colombia | 6 | 0 | 0 |
| Dominican Republic | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| East Timor | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| FR Yugoslavia / Balkans | 9 | 15 | 0 |
| India | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| Indonesia | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Lebanon | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Nigeria | 4 | 1 | 1 |
| Peru | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Sierra Leone | 10 | 0 | 0 |
| Sri Lanka | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Turkey | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| Burma | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| Argentina | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Azerbaijan | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Cyprus | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Guatemala | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Ivory Coast | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Ukraine | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| United Kingdom (UK) | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| TOTALS | 40 | 19 | 18 |
(Figures compiled up to 22 December 1999)
PART I: CASES OF JOURNALISTS KILLED (JK)
CHECHNYA
CASE 1: Supian Ependiyev
News Organ: Groznensky Rabochy | Sector: Press | Date: 29 October 1999
Description: Ependiyev, editor-in-chief of the newspaper, was mortally wounded by rocket fire in Grozny. After several missiles burst in the middle of town, he went to the scene to prepare a report but was hit by missile fragments. He was taken to the 9th Grozny ER Hospital, where he died two days later.
CASE 2: Ramzan Mezhidov
News Organ: TV Tsentr | Sector: Television | Date: 29 October 1999 (Age: 32)
Description: Mezhidov, a freelance correspondent with the Moscow TV Center company, was killed during a Russian air bombing of a truck convoy on the road from Grozny to Nazran. He had departed to film a report. A Russian aircraft dropped bombs, and the pilot allegedly noticed a man with a TV camera and targeted him. He died at a Nazran hospital from blood loss, leaving behind two small children.
CASE 3: Shamil Gegayev
News Organ: Nokh Cho | Sector: Television | Date: 29 October 1999
Description: Gegayev, a cameraman for the independent television station in Grozny, was killed during a Russian air attack on a convoy of refugees fleeing Chechnya. As the convoy approached Shaami Yurt, a Russian bomber fired rockets at a refugee bus. Gegayev left his vehicle with his video camera to film the carnage. Another rocket struck a nearby truck, fatally wounding him.
COLOMBIA
CASE 4: Jaime Garzón
News Organ: Radionet / Caracol Television | Sector: Radio/TV | Date: 13 August 1999 (Age: 36)
Description: Garzón, a highly popular journalist and humorist, was shot dead by two men on a motorcycle while driving to the radio station. The gunmen fled. A caller initially claimed responsibility on behalf of the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC), though the group later denied it via fax. Garzón had been threatened days prior by AUC head Carlos Castaño. He was well known for intervening in peace negotiations to secure the release of guerrilla hostages.
CASE 5: Guzmán Quintero Torres
News Organ: El Pilón | Sector: Press | Date: 16 September 1999 (Age: 34)
Description: Quintero Torres, editor-in-chief of El Pilón, was assassinated at 10:00 p.m. in Valledupar. A hired gunman intercepted him on Cesar Street and shot him three times in the face and once in the chest in front of a colleague and a photographer. He was a correspondent for the Televista news programme, vice-president of the Valledupar Journalists' Group, and organized local training courses.
CASE 6: Rodolfo Julio Torres
News Organ: Radio Fuente | Sector: Radio | Date: 21 October 1999 (Age: 38)
Description: Julio Torres was brutally murdered in the town of San Onofre. Five individuals arrived at his home in the early morning, drove him to the outskirts of town, shot him six times, and abandoned his body by the side of the road. He worked for the Cartagena-based station and as a press secretary for a newly elected mayor. Colleagues believe he was assassinated in reprisal for his outspoken reporting.
CASE 7 & 8: Luis Alberto Rincón Solano & Alberto Sánchez Tovar
News Organ: Producciones Colombia Ltd. | Sector: Television | Date: 28 November 1999
Description: The bodies of Sánchez Tovar (director of the production firm) and Rincón (a freelance cameraman) were found five kilometers from El Playón. Both were shot at point-blank range, with Sánchez hit twice in the head and Rincón shot in the temple. 9mm cartridges were found at the scene. They were heading to cover local elections. Their photographic and video cameras were stolen by the killers to disguise the political hit as a routine theft. Police suspected the paramilitary AUC.
CASE 9: Pablo Emilio Medina Motta
News Organ: TV Garzon | Sector: Television | Date: 6 December 1999 (Age: 19)
Description: Medina Motta was filming in Gigante when guerrillas from the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) launched an assault on the town. He mounted a motorcycle with a police intelligence commander and was shot while attempting to film the active combat.
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
CASE 10: Manuel de Jesus Gonzalez
News Organ: Radio Azua | Sector: Radio | Date: 30 June 1999
Description: De Jesus Gonzalez was shot down and killed instantly. His wife and mother were both present with him when the attack occurred.
EAST TIMOR
CASE 11: Sander Thoenes
Nationality: Dutch | News Organ: Financial Times / Vrij Nederland | Date: 22 September 1999
Description: Thoenes was killed and his body severely mutilated after he and his motorcycle driver approached a military roadblock on the road to Becora, a pro-independence suburb of Dili. The driver escaped back to Dili and reported that only active Indonesian soldiers, rather than local militia, were manning the checkpoint.
CASE 12: Agus Muliawan
Nationality: Indonesian | News Organ: Asia Press International | Sector: TV | Date: 25 September 1999 (Age: 26)
Description: Muliawan was among nine people massacred by Indonesian troops. He was working for a Tokyo-based news agency, developing a TV documentary on the Falintil pro-independence guerrilla group. Traveling by van with relief aid workers, nuns, and seminary students, the group was ambushed at nightfall in Com. Seven bodies were found floating in the Raomoko River, and two were recovered inside the van, which had been pushed into the water.
FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA
CASE 13: Enver Maloku
Nationality: Kosovar | News Organ: Informatore / Kosovo Information Centre | Sector: Press | Date: 11 January 1999
Description: Maloku, chief of the Kosovo Information Center, was shot by unidentified gunmen outside his apartment building in the Pristina suburb of Suncani Breg at 4:10 p.m. He was shot from a moving car carrying three passengers and died at a local clinic. He was a close associate of Kosovar leader Ibrahim Rugova.
CASE 14: Slavko Curuvija
Nationality: Serbian | News Organ: Dnevni Telegraf / Evropljanin | Sector: Press | Date: 11 April 1999 (Age: 51)
Description: Curuvija was shot dead at the entrance of his apartment building in Belgrade by two unidentified gunmen. His wife, who accompanied him, was knocked down by one of the attackers. His daily paper had been banned in Serbia under strict media laws targeting subversive materials. It was highly critical of Slobodan Milosevic's regime and had been forced to print in Montenegro and be smuggled back into Serbia.
CASE 15 - 17: Tomislav Mitrovic, Ivana Stukalo, & Slavisa Stevanovic
News Organ: Radio and Television of Serbia (RTS) | Sector: Radio/TV | Date: 23 April 1999
Description: These media professionals were among the casualties of a targeted NATO missile attack against the state-run RTS building in Belgrade. The strike destroyed the main newsrooms and studios. The action was heavily condemned by the IFJ, as NATO had previously given written assurances that media facilities would not be targeted, a decision revoked without warning.
CASE 18 - 20: Zhu Ying, Shao Yuhuan, & Xu Xinghu
Nationality: Chinese | News Organ: Guangming Daily / Xinhua News Agency | Sector: Press/Wire | Date: 10 May 1999
Description: These three Chinese journalists were killed when NATO aircraft bombed the Chinese Embassy in Belgrade. Shao Yuhuan worked for the Xinhua News Agency, while Xu Xinghu and Zhu Ying were correspondents for the Guangming Daily. All were inside the compound during the strike.
CASE 21 & 22: Gabriel Gruener & Volker Kraemer
Nationality: German | News Organ: Stern | Sector: Press | Date: 13 June 1999
Description: Reporter Gruener (35) and photographer Kraemer (56) were on assignment in Kosovo. Returning by car toward Macedonia, they encountered long-range sniper fire outside Dulje, south of Pristina. Attempting to flee on foot, Kraemer was killed instantly by a shot to the head. Gruener was struck in the abdomen and died in a rescue helicopter en route to a hospital in Tetova. Their interpreter was also killed.
INDIA
CASE 23: Shivani Bhatnagar
News Organ: Indian Express | Sector: Press | Date: 23 January 1999
Description: Unidentified assailants entered Bhatnagar's East Delhi apartment, strangled her with wire, and stabbed her in the neck and abdomen with kitchen knives. Her three-month-old son was left unharmed. Prior to the attack, she phoned her husband (legal editor for The Times of India), stating two men had stopped by to deliver a wedding invitation. The living room table was laid with snacks, implying she hosted them. Rooms were ransacked, and police suspected the killers sought out incriminating documents. Robbery was ruled out.
CASE 24: N. A. Lalrohlu
News Organ: Shan | Sector: Press | Date: 10 October 1999 (Age: 35)
Description: Lalrohlu, editor of the local vernacular newspaper, was shot by suspected separatist militants in Manipur state. He was murdered along with three other individuals after being abducted by a force of at least 50 armed militants. He had published articles heavily critical of local militia groups.
INDONESIA
CASE 25: Supriadi
News Organ: Medan Pos | Sector: Press | Date: 5 August 1999 (Age: 34)
Description: Supriadi was found hacked to death with severe head injuries in Buki Hagu village, North Aceh. His wife stated he had been abducted from their residence two days prior by two unidentified men. The editor-in-chief confirmed Supriadi had been working on sensitive stories uncovering corruption within a local agricultural project for small farmers.
LEBANON
CASE 26: Ilan Roeh
Nationality: Israeli | News Organ: Kol Israel | Sector: Radio | Date: 28 February 1999
Description: Roeh, a radio correspondent, was killed in an explosive roadside attack that also claimed the lives of Israeli General Erez Gerstein and two sub-officers within the Israeli-occupied zone in southern Lebanon.
NIGERIA
CASE 27: Bolade Fasasi
News Organ: The Guardian | Sector: Press | Date: 7 April 1999
Description: Fasasi, a female journalist who served as the treasurer of the Lagos State Council of the Nigerian Union of Journalists and an active leader in the National Association of Women Journalists (NAWOJ), was shot dead by three unidentified gunmen in Ibadan.
CASE 28: Fidelis Ikwuebe
News Organ: The Guardian | Sector: Press | Date: 18 April 1999
Description: Ikwuebe, a freelance journalist, was kidnapped on April 4 during violent inter-communal clashes between Aguleri and Umuleri in Anambra State. Reports confirmed that while an accompanying police officer was sacrificed to a local deity in Umuleri, Ikwuebe was murdered in cold blood.
CASE 29: Sam Nimfa-Jan
News Organ: Details | Sector: Press | Date: 24 May 1999
Description: Nimfa-Jan was killed in Plateau State by an armed mob during clashes between the Hausa-Fulani and the Zangon-Kataf ethnic groups. He was actively covering the volatile march when he was overrun by a crowd armed with arrows, cutlasses, and farm implements.
CASE 30: Samuel Boyi
News Organ: Adamawa State Publication | Sector: Press | Date: 5 November 1999
Description: Boyi, a press photographer, was killed when unidentified armed bandits ambushed the convoy of Adamawa State Governor Haruna Bonnie along the highway from Yola to Bauchi.
PAKISTAN
CASE 31: Nawaz Zulfiqar Memon
News Organ: The Daily Nation | Sector: Press | Date: 16 December 1999 (Age: 29)
Description: Memon, a district reporter in Thatta, traveled to Islamabad to seek justice from Chief Executive General Pervez Musharraf after local police refused to register a First Information Report (FIR). Memon had previously intervened to protect a school van full of children and female teachers from being assaulted by criminals, who then beat him. In Islamabad, he was detained by law enforcement officers at the airport police station and subjected to severe torture for three days. His father secured his release and brought him back to Thatta, where he remained unconscious for three days before dying from his internal injuries.
PERU
CASE 32: Felix Haro Rodriguez
News Organ: Radio 1160 | Sector: Radio | Date: 2 June 1999
Description: Haro Rodriguez vanished after two unknown individuals came to his home under the pretense of hiring him to take photos for a social event. His dismembered body was discovered in Cotomonillo near Aucayacu, an area where the Maoist Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path) had recently executed villagers. His radio segments featured local reporting on political, police, and military corruption, as well as drug trafficking.
RUSSIA
CASE 33: Gennady Bodrov — Photojournalist, Kursky Vestnik; lured by a phone call to photograph a wedding party. He entered a car waiting for him and vanished. His body, showing clear signs of a violent death, was discovered on February 19 in a forest outside Kursk.
CASE 34: Andrei Polyakov — Press secretary for Rossiisky Advokat magazine; discovered stabbed to death by an unidentified person inside an elevator on Moscow's Dmitry Donskoy Boulevard.
CASE 35: Vadim Rudenko — TV journalist, Chelovek I Zakon; discovered dead inside his Moscow apartment. Firefighters were called due to thick smoke behind the door, but police confirmed he sustained multiple knife wounds before his home was set on fire.
CASE 36: Lyubov Loboda — Editor of the district newspaper Vesti; killed in Kuybyshev, Novosibirsk, on August 30. Her body, bearing three knife wounds, was found on Panshev Street. Police tracked and arrested a suspect, an intermediary, and a hirer, confirming the contract hit was ordered by the editor of a rival local newspaper.
CASE 37: Oleg Chervonyuk — Founder and publisher of Novosti St. Petersburg; shot dead on the doorstep of his apartment building alongside his brother Sergei. The attack was executed by hired professionals in what police classified as a contract killing.
SIERRA LEONE
CASE 38: Jenner Cole — Broadcaster with SKY-FM (106) and former worker with the Sierra Leone Broadcasting Service (SLBS); targeted and killed by Revolutionary United Front (RUF) rebels in Freetown on January 9.
CASE 39: James Oguogo — A Nigerian journalist for the independent Concord Times; murdered by RUF rebels on January 8. Rebels stormed the Pademba Road office shouting for "the Nigerian journalist". He was tied to the back of a truck and dragged through the streets. They untied him near the State House, told him to walk, and opened fire. RUF rebels systematically targeted Nigerian journalists, viewing them as partisans of the Nigerian-led ECOMOG intervention forces.
CASE 40: Mohamed Kamara — Radio broadcaster with Kiss 104 FM; shot dead by RUF rebels on Siaka Stevens Street in central Freetown on January 9.
CASE 41: Paul Abu Mansaray — Deputy editor of the Standard Times; murdered by RUF rebels at his residence along with his wife, two young children, and a nephew. A colleague spotted the rebels approaching and escaped through a window to alert neighbors. The rebels barricaded the house, threatened Mansaray over his journalistic work, fired inside, and set the building on fire, trapping the family inside as it burned to the ground.
CASE 42: Myles Tierney — An American television producer for the Associated Press; shot and killed in Freetown. He was traveling in an ECOMOG convoy with Information Minister Julius Spencer when they were ambushed by rebels disguised in ECOMOG uniforms. His colleague, Canadian AP bureau chief Ian Stewart, was critically wounded.
CASE 43: Abdul Juma Jalloh — News editor of the independent African Champion; executed by an ECOMOG soldier in central Freetown. Jalloh and his editor were en route to a printing press when a Civil Defense Force (CDF) officer falsely claimed Jalloh owed him money and told ECOMOG soldiers he was an RUF rebel responsible for arson. Despite denials and proof that Jalloh's own home had been burned by the RUF, an ECOMOG officer took him aside and shot him at point-blank range.
CASE 44: Conrad Roy — News editor of the banned Expo Times; contracted tuberculosis in Freetown's central prison and died. The government shut down the paper in 1997 over alleged rebel sympathies. Roy was charged with treason and conspiracy. Rearrested by ECOMOG, he was denied any medical treatment until four days before his death.
CASE 45: Alpha Amadu Bah Bah — Independent journalist; murdered by rebels at his home in Freetown. He was stabbed and then shot to death in front of his family.
CASE 46: Mabay Kamara — Freelance reporter for Vision; abducted from his house on Soldier Street by RUF rebels under the orders of a female commander. His wife witnessed the abduction. The rebels burned down their home before executing him.
CASE 47: Munir Turay — Freelance reporter for Punch, Daily Mail, and SLBS radio; killed on January 6 in Kissy, East Freetown. His body was recovered with multiple bullet entry wounds.
SRI LANKA
CASE 48: Anura Priynatha Kooray
News Organ: Independent Television Network | Sector: Television | Date: 18 December 1999
Description: Kooray, a state network journalist, was killed during a suicide bombing at a ruling party political rally in Colombo. President Kumaratunga was delivering the concluding speech of the presidential campaign when the blast occurred, killing 21 people and injuring 50 others. Authorities attributed the attack to the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE).
TURKEY
CASE 49: Cetin Gunes
News Organ: Hedef (Target) | Sector: Press | Date: 27 March 1999 (Age: 28)
Description: Gunes, a columnist for the far-left periodical, died in an Ankara hospital from a serious heart condition. He had been on a strict hunger strike inside an Ankara prison to protest conditions before his transfer. He was serving a sentence for "separatist propaganda" under Article 8 of the Anti-terrorist Law following a 1994 article detailing militant revolutionary traits.
CASE 50: Ahmed Taner Kislali
News Organ: Cumhuriyet | Sector: Press | Date: 21 October 1999
Description: Kislali, a prominent columnist and former Turkish Culture Minister, died when a bomb explosion wrecked his car in Ankara. He was targeted by religious extremists due to his analytical journalism campaigns against Islamic fundamentalism.
PART II: CASES OF MEDIAWORKERS KILLED (MWK)
BURMA
CASE 1: U Hla Han — A media worker with the publication Kye Mon (The Mirror); died in custody on September 27 following severe physical torture by military authorities.
CASE 2: U Tha Win — A media worker with Kye Mon (The Mirror); family members were notified of his death on October 2. They were only permitted to view his heavily bruised face before military officials forcibly cremated the corpse, providing 10,000 kyat ($27 USD) to cover burial rites.
FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA
CASE 3: Nenad Stojkovic — A 27-year-old driver; killed by a sniper on the road from Pristina to Podujevo while transporting a crew of Russian journalists. The reporters were unharmed.
CASE 4 - 16 (RTS Support Staff): Ksenija Bankovic (Video Mix, 28), Jelica Munitlak (Make-up Artist, 28), Milovan Jankovic (Technician, 59), Dragan Tasic (Technician, 31), Aleksandar Deletic (Camera, 31), Darko Stoimenovski (International Planning, 26), Nebojsa Stojanovic (Technician, 27), Slobodan Jontic (Equipment, 59), Dejan Markovic (Security, 40), Milan Joksimovic (Security, 47), Branislav Jovanovic (Programme Operator, 50), Sinisa Medic (Programme Design, 33), & Dragorad Dragojevic (Security, 27).
All 13 media support staff members were killed during the April 23 NATO air missile strike that decimated the state-run RTS television building in Belgrade.
CASE 17: Senol Alit — An interpreter and driver; killed by sniper fire near Dulje alongside German Stern magazine journalists Volker Kraemer and Gabriel Gruener.
NIGERIA
CASE 18: John Musa — A circulation staff member for the Jos-based publishing company of The Standard. He was killed in Maiduguri when police deployed heavy tear gas to disperse striking civil servants. Musa, who was asthmatic, choked to death on the fumes.
SRI LANKA
CASE 19: Indika Paththiniwasam — A television cameraman for the private station Sirasa; killed during the December 18 LTTE suicide bomb strike at the Colombo presidential election rally.
PART III: CASES UNDER INVESTIGATION (UI/M)
CASE 1 [Angola] — Mauricio Cristovao: A 24-year-old sports journalist for Radio Nacional de Angola; ambushed and shot three times (once in the head, twice in the chest) by unknown gunmen while driving home in Luanda.
CASE 2 [Angola] — Joao da Costa: An administrative radio assistant; discovered shot dead inside his vehicle parked in central Luanda.
CASE 3 [Argentina] — Ricardo Gangeme: The 56-year-old editor of El Informador Chubutense; shot in the left eyebrow at point-blank range with a .38-caliber handgun while parking his car in Trelew. He had been reporting on high-level corporate and political fraud.
CASE 4 [Azerbaijan] — Telman Dibirov: A studio journalist with DM TV in Balaken; discovered stabbed to death inside the studio compound. The station's broadcasting equipment and cameras were completely cleaned out.
CASE 5 [Cyprus] — Sertac Gorguner: A reporter for the Turkish Cypriot newspaper Kibris; found dead with a severe head wound in a forest near Nicosia. He was actively investigating a murder in a mixed Greek and Turkish Cypriot town.
CASE 6 [Guatemala] — Larry Lee: An American bureau chief for Bridge News; found stabbed to death with multiple throat and abdominal wounds inside his central apartment. Evidence showed clear defensive wounds.
CASE 7 [India] — Irfan Hussain: A prominent and controversial political cartoonist for Outlook magazine; his body was recovered off a highway in New Delhi bearing clear signs of extreme physical torture.
CASE 8 [India] — Anil Rattan: A correspondent for Asiaweek; found stabbed and strangled with wire inside his Delhi apartment bathroom. His body was recovered in a highly decomposed state.
CASE 9 [Ivory Coast] — Abdoulaye Bakayoko: Owner and manager of Le Libéral; shot dead by attackers who ambushed him at night and fled in a vehicle in Abidjan.
CASE 10 [Nigeria] — Edward Olalekan Ayo-Ojo: A veteran journalist with the Daily Times; his body was found dumped along a public street in Lagos.
CASE 11 [Russia] — Valentina Neverova: Editor of Pravo; died inside the regional police headquarters in Samara when a massive, unexplained fire swept through the facility while she was on a professional reporting assignment.
CASE 12 & 13 [Russia] — Valentina Mirolyubova & Nikolai Mirolyubov: Husband and wife journalists and members of the National Journalists' Union; killed inside their home in Yaroslavl. A computer, VCR, and video cassettes were stolen. They ran a regional independent publishing business.
CASE 14 [Russia] — Christopher Reese: An American executive producer for the CTC television network; discovered dead with multiple knife wounds inside his rented apartment on Tverskaya Street in Moscow.
CASE 15 [Sri Lanka] — Rohana Kumara: Outspoken editor-in-chief of the independent newspaper Satana; shot dead by unknown gunmen while traveling home from work at night.
CASE 16 [Sri Lanka] — Atputharajah Nadarajah: Chief editor of Thinamurasu and Member of Parliament; gunned down alongside his driver by motorcycle-borne assassins just three days after the government instituted sweeping military censorship regulations regarding civil war korigage.
CASE 17 [Ukraine] — Igor Bondar: Director of AMT television; shot and killed by Kalashnikov automatic gunfire from a passing vehicle while driving with Odessa presiding judge Boris Vikhrov, who was also killed.
CASE 18 [United Kingdom] — Jill Dando: A high-profile BBC presenter for the investigative crime show Crimewatch UK; executed with a single shot to the head on the doorstep of her London home. The case remains under active tracking regarding contract hits ordered by underworld syndicates featured on her show.
PART IV: DOCUMENTATION SOURCES
AJI: Alliance of Independent Journalists (Indonesia)
ANP / IPYS: National Association of Journalists / Institute for Press and Society (Peru)
CPJ: Committee to Protect Journalists (USA)
FMM: Free Media Movement (Sri Lanka)
GDF / JUR: Glasnost Defence Foundation / Journalists Union of Russia
IJC / IPC: Independent Journalism Centre / International Press Centre (Nigeria)
IPI: International Press Institute (Austria)
MISA: Media Institute of Southern Africa
PPF: Pakistan Press Foundation
RSF: Reporters Sans Frontières (France)
SNTP: Sindicato Nacional de Trabajadores de la Prensa (Dominican Republic)
WAN: World Association of Newspapers
